The eastern russells viper daboia siamensis causes primarily. Snakes which envenomate a prey animal may have to track. Biochemical and biological properties of the venom from. Clinical importance of positive test results for lupus. The lupus anticoagulant phenomenon refers to the ability of apl to cause prolongation of in vitro clotting assays such as the activated partial thromboplastin time aptt, the dilute russell viper venom time drvvt, the kaolin clotting time or, infrequently, the prothrombin time. The russells viper will transfer a large amount of venom into a single bite. The venom proteome of siamese russells viper from taiwan, alongside complementary in vivo lethality neutralization assay and in vitro thirdgeneration antivenomics assessment of the preclinical efficacy of the homologous antivenom manufactured in taiwan cdcs vaccine center, are here reported. One of the drawbacks of its bites is that it potentially causes acute renal failure. Russell vipers cardiac bite dissanayake and sellahewa9 have described acute mi following russells viper bite in a 47yearold man and proposed a mechanism of predominant coagulant in venom resulting in coronary thrombosis leading to mi. The process by which a hemotoxin causes death is much slower than that of a neurotoxin. The most sensitive tests are dilute russell viper venom test drvvt and a lasensitive ptt pttla, one that uses reagents containing low levels of phospholipid. Russells viper daboia russelii is a species of venomous snake in the family viperidae. Biochemical and biological properties of the venom from russell s viper daboia russelli siamensis of varying ages. Geographical variation in india in the composition and lethal.
Russell s viper daboia russelli siamensis venoms of four different lengths 2125 cm, 4060 cm, 8190 cm and 101110 cm were studied by sdspage electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Russells viper venom rvv was known to clot blood many years ago. Antivenom acts to neutralize the poisonous venom of the cobra and causes the venom to be released from the receptor site. The scope of this book provides the readers an updated and comprehensive presentation on snake venoms. The russels viper or daboia russelii is responsible for a high morbidity symptoms indicating russels viper bite and fatalities. Pdf geographical variation in venom proteome composition of. Daboia siamensis smith, 1917 eastern russells viper.
Venom induced disturbances lead to thrombosis and spontaneous hemorrhages, and subsequently to edema and. Cloning and characterization of novel snake venom proteins that block smooth. Pdf pathophysiological effects of russells viper venom. Russells viper venom rvv is indisputably a potent mixture of various toxic and nontoxic components that have evolved to interfere with vital physiological processes like coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Russells viper venom factor x activator rvvx has been identified as a main procoagulant enzyme involving coagulopathy, which might be responsible for changes in renal hemodynamics and renal functions. We have studied 29 patients with a prolonged dilute rvvt. Rvv came to be useful in laboratory tests for blood clotting factors v, x, prothrombin and phospholipid. Snake bite is one of the most neglected public health issues in poor rural communities living in the tropics. Proteomics and antivenom immunoprofiling of russells viper.
Followup testing is performed to confirm or exclude the presence of lupus. The cardiovascular system and renal hemodynamics are affected by the venom. Russells viper one of the most venomous snakes of the. Snake venom is a highly modified saliva containing zootoxins that facilitate the immobilization and digestion of prey, and defense against threats. It was widely used as a styptic to clot minor wounds when razor blades were more commonly used for shaving eg. How the snakes venom affects humans for most poisonous snakes the percentage of drybites is relatively high but the russell viper always goes for the maximum venom dose. Russells viper daboia russelli siamensis venoms of four different lengths 2125 cm, 4060 cm, 8190 cm and 101110 cm were studied by sdspage electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Fully activates human clotting factor v by a single cleavage at the trptyrleuarg1545serasnasngly bond.
Polypeptide composition and characterization of the carbohydrate moieties. Variation in venom composition may result in significant differences in the neu. Russells viper initiates plasma clotting activating factor x in the presence of calcium. Russells viper snake antivenom 2019 red cross antivenin online shop snake antivenom for russells viper, red cross antivenin treatment for daboia russelli siamensis snake the manufacturing plant of qsmi has developed to meet the gmp requirement and get the gmp certificated from fda since 2003. The use of the dilute russell viper venom time for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction.
Firstline assays are dilute russells viper venom time drvvt and laresponsive aptt, a pairing that will detect most clinically significant antibodies. Rvvv is an fvactivating svsp isolated from russells viper venom russells viper venom serine proteinase, rvvv in complex with the fragment residues 15331546 of human factor v, ncbi, 2011. This enzyme is present in venom of vipera russelli. Approximately 90% of their total venom composition consisted of eight protein. Venom samples of russells viper vipera russelli from three localities in india were analysed for their composition and toxicity. If you would like to learn more about the composition of snake venoms, please see the amazon link below for a very useful book resource.
The document, a list of the names of all the mackes and oesof thomond and connacht, can be found among the carew. The thai subspecies of the russells viper is a rather stout, roundbodied snake which may reach a length of 160 cm, making it the largest of all viperidae vipers and pitvipers in thailand. The species is found in asia throughout the indian subcontinent, much of southeast asia, southern china and taiwan. The evidence in experimental animals on the mechanisms of venom action in relation to changes in either extrarenal or intrarenal factors is considered. Activated partial thromboplastin time aptt, dilute russell s viper venom time drvvt, kaolin clotting time kct, dilute aptt and the circulating titre of. Thus, the receptor sites that were previously blocked by venom are now free to interact with the acetylcholine molecule, and normal respiration resumes. Russells viper venom also contains a metalloproteinase haemorrhagin, which damages vascular endothelium and toxins that impair platelet function.
Studies on biological and biochemical properties of the venom were also carried out. The head is rather long, triangular, slightly distinct from neck, with large, conspicuous nostrils on side of snout. Because of serious misreporting, the true worldwide burden of snake bite is not known. The activated factor x then activates prothrombin factor ii in the presence of factor v and phospholipid. Indian russells viper venoms of four different geographical locations were found to vary in composition, coagulopathy and phospholipase a 2 pla 2 activity. Black mamba venom is devoid of coagulopathic enzymes 18. Daboia simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A source of coagulation factors, particularly thrombin and fibrinogen. Capillary leak and abnormal clotting can lead to tachycardia, hypotension, or even hemorrhagic shock. It is found from india to taiwan and java, most often in open country. This genus was made for the species daboia russelii, also known as the russell s viper.
A total of 73 and 69 proteins belonging to 15 snake venom protein families were identified in rvv b and rvv n. The use of the dilute russell viper venom time for the. A brief appraisal on russells viper venom daboia russelii russelii proteinases. It is injected by unique fangs during a bite, and some species are also able to spit their venom.
The spent antivenom and the neutralized venom are then excreted from the body. It is recommended that two tests be used to detect lupus anticoagulant initially known as lascreen. The subjects are divided into six sections, starting with the overview of snake venom compositions in malaysian species, followed by description of enzymes and enzyme inhibitors contained in snake venoms. The proteomes of russells viper venom rvv from burdwan rvv b. Russells viper rv daboia russelii, a category i medically important snake is responsible for a large number of snakebite morbidity and. At least two screening tests of different principle must be used to account for antibody heterogeneity and controversy exists on whether assays, in addition to dilute russells viper venom time. Pdf snake venom metalloproteinases svmps are the key enzymes in russells viper rv venom which target all important components of haemostasis. Russell s viper daboia russelii is a species of venomous snake in the family viperidae, the family which includes the venomous old world vipers. Pdf dilute russells viper venom time reagents in lupus. Daboia siamensis monovalent antivenom dsmav, thailand exhibited comparable immunoreactivity toward the venoms of eastern russells vipers from thailand and indonesia. Daboia is a monotypic genus of old world venomous vipers.
Identification of novel proteins from the venom of a cryptic snake. Patrick russell was a scottish herpetologist, who studied many indian snakes. The name, daboia, is a hindi the main language of india word meaing that lies hid. The proteomes of russells viper venom rvv from burdwan rvv b and nadia rvv n, the two districts of west bengal, eastern india ei, were investigated by gelfiltration chromatography gfc followed by tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic fragments of the fractions. It is called the dilute russell viper venom time test because the phospholipid reagent is diluted such that its concentration becomes rate limiting. Posts about russells viper written by ashwin baindur. Full recovery from bites from a russels viper is rare, as the kidneys are severely damaged by the snakes venom. The latter is recently considered as a separate species on its own, daboia siamensis smith, 1917 the eastern russells viper. Although viper and pit viper venom composition varies from snake to snake, components can lead to capillary leak, abnormal clotting, inefficient muscle movement, or neurotoxicity. Snake venom coagulates human blood business insider. It is a major cause of snakebite deaths within its range because it often exists in farmlands where human contact and. In addition to killing the prey, part of the function of a hemotoxic venom for some animals is to aid digestion. Acute renal failure arf is the most frequent and a serious complication in victims of russells viper snakebites. It was widely used as a styptic to clot minor wounds when razor blades were more commonly used for shaving e.
The indonesian russell s viper, nonetheless, shares similar venom protein epitopes with the thai russell s viper, evidenced. We describe here a test for lupus anticoagulants based on a modified russell viper venom time rvvt, using limiting amounts of phospholipid and venom. Pdf analysis of snake venom metalloproteinases from myanmar. The clinical profile of russell s viper bite includes local swelling, coagulopathy, renal dysfunction and neuromuscular paralysis, based on which the syndromic diagnostic tools have been developed. Edited from the original manuscript in the william robertson coe collection of western americana in the yale university library.
Russell s or chain viper daboia russelii description and biology. Snake venom neurotoxins are thought to be virtually excluded from the cns29eg, two lowmolecularweight phospholipases a 2 from the venom of russells viper were innocuous when given intravenously to rodents but were lethal or sedative when given. The eastern russells viper, daboia siamensis, is a who category 1 medically. Proteomic analysis and immunoprofiling of eastern india. Different types of snake venom have different effects, but a bite from the russell s pit viper, a snake that kills thousands of people every year in southeast asia and is shown here, is. This prolongation is not reversed when the patients plasma is diluted 1. Methods for detecting lupus anticoagulants and their relation to thrombosis and miscarriage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Daboia is a monotypic genus of venomous old worldvipers. If you have further questions about snakes that are not addressed by this article on snake venom composition or any other articles in this snake venom series, please see my article, faqs about snakes. Identification, scalation and color of daboia siamensis. Methods for detecting lupus anticoagulants and their. As mentioned the russells viper is one of the deadliest snakes in the world and coupled with their smaller relative, the sawscaled viper, account for more snake bite deaths than all other species put together. Russells viper daboia russelii is an important member of the viperidae family which is widely distributed across southern asia including india. Daboia siamensis, the deadly eastern russells viper.
That means each species of cobra found in indian territory has its own set of characteristics including a different venom composition for which the antivenin needs to be made separately. The minor differences in venom composition of both the ei rv were. Rvvv, which consists of 236 amino acids, cleaves only the arg1545ser1546 bond of fv and does not cleave the other two thrombinsusceptible bonds. The russell s viper daboia russelii is responsible for 3040% of all snakebites and the most number of lifethreatening bites of any snake in sri lanka. A proteomic analysis of pakistan daboia russelii russelii venom and. Factor xactivating glycoprotein of russell s viper venom. Taiwanese russells viper venom proteome comprised 25 distinct gene products, with the. Revisiting russells viper daboia russelii bite in sri.
Venom proteomics and antivenom neutralization for the chinese. It also effectively neutralized the procoagulant and lethal effects of both venoms, showing high potency. Russells viper, daboia russelii, abundant, highly venomous terrestrial snake of the family viperidae. The venom breaks down protein in the region of the bite, making prey easier to digest. South asia is the worlds most heavily affected region, due to its high population density, widespread agricultural activities, numerous venomous snake species and lack of functional snake bite. Typically this is diluted to give a clotting time in normal plasma of between 3035s as this optimises sensitivity to antiphospholipid antibodies.